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4315 discussions

Brazilian Knots Salon
by Amelia Emery 05 Feb '26

05 Feb '26

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GPRS - local and foreign TLLIs
by Luca Melette 04 Feb '26

04 Feb '26

Hello everybody, after setting up a nanoBTS with OpenBSC/SGSN/GGSN, I had some troubles trying to connect my smartphone to the GPRS cell. Investigating the BTS-to-SGSN traffic, I saw that the frames sent by the SGSN were all marked with the same N(U) value (at LLC layer), the value was 0. With some debug, I found that the there was a mismatch in the TLLI storage, used to keep the status of attached terminals. The mentioned code is contained in gprs_llc.c, involving LL Entity functions and gprs_llc_tx_ui(). /* look-up or create the LL Entity for this (TLLI, SAPI) tuple */ lle = lle_by_tlli_sapi(msgb_tlli(msg), sapi); if (!lle) { struct gprs_llc_llme *llme; LOGP(DLLC, LOGL_ERROR, "LLC TX: unknown TLLI 0x%08x, " "creating LLME on the fly\n", msgb_tlli(msg)); llme = llme_alloc(msgb_tlli(msg)); lle = &llme->lle[sapi]; } The TX function uses the previously received TLLI to lookup for the LLE. The lle_by_tlli_sapi() performs the search, but preliminary it applies a foreign2local TLLI conversion to ensure to have a local one. Since no valid entry for the searched TLLI is found, a new one is created. And the problem is here. The new entry has the foreign TLLI. Next time the lookup fails again, and a new entry is created. This way, the counter N(U) is always reset, and the mobile do not recognize the message sequence and no attach is possible. My question is about foreign and local TLLIs. I patched the lookup, avoiding the conversion, so that the LLE is found and everything works fine... but... What is the sense of the conversion? Should the TLLI be always stored as a local one? Can this problem be solved with another foreign2local while allocating new entries? Actually, my problem has been solved with that workaround. But I'm curious to know what is the right way. Hope somebody can answer :) Thanks. Cheers, LM

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Fenbendazole 222mg: Safe and Reliable Worm Infection Medicine
by daisymiller1840＠gmail.com 31 Jan '26

31 Jan '26

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OsmoNITB timeslots configuration and UmTRX
by Родион Гадыршин 27 Jan '26

27 Jan '26

Hello, list. I have umtrx v2.1 and I have already built GSM and GPRS components. Now I want to know which way of configuring timeslots in osmobsc.cfn is the best. I want GPRS, calls and SMS work. My current configuration is: timeslot 0 phys_chan_config CCCH+SDCCH4 hopping enabled 0 timeslot 1 phys_chan_config SDCCH8 hopping enabled 0 timeslot 2 phys_chan_config TCH/F hopping enabled 0 timeslot 3 phys_chan_config TCH/F hopping enabled 0 timeslot 4 phys_chan_config PDCH hopping enabled 0 timeslot 5 phys_chan_config PDCH hopping enabled 0 timeslot 6 phys_chan_config PDCH hopping enabled 0 timeslot 7 phys_chan_config PDCH hopping enabled 0 Is there a better way to configure? Maybe better use TCH/F_TCH/H_PDCH, but I have heard, that TCH/F is currently not working in dynamic configurations - only TCH/H does. And there is no only TCH/H_PDCH mode. So, could you please give me an advice?

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On the use of 'decmatch' in TTCN-3
by Harald Welte 27 Jan '26

27 Jan '26

Hi, I know that TTCN-3 is still new to a lot of you, but we are writing tons of integration testing against the various osmocom programs in it. It is quite amazing technology, and I would like to ask you to bear with me reading this mail :) Pau was stating the question earlier today on not finding an example on how to use decmatch. Indeed, it took me some months to find that gem in the TTCN-3 world. It solves the problem that you often have during test of layered protocol stacks: you have separate encoders/decoders for each protocol layer, and now you want to match on some of the *inner* payload. So normally, you have some kind of header definition + a binary (octetstring) payload. This happens in RSL with the L3_INFO IE, and just the same on BSSAP/DTAP where again the L3 message (for example call control) is encapsulated inside one information element. Now you have multiple options of addressing the problem: a) hand-written calls to the decoder function b) write na 'emulation' for the entire protocol layer c) use decmatch. a) would look like this (pseudo-code): var octetstring l3oct; var RSL_Message rsl RSL.receive(tr_RSL_DATA_REQ(g_chan_nr, ?, ?)) -> value rsl { var PDU_ML3_MS_NW l3 := dec_PDU_ML3_MS_NW(rsl.payload); if (match(l3, some_template)) { ... do something } ... } Which uses the built-in pattern-matching on the RSL port to match any message that matches the tr_RSL_DATA_REQ template, and stores the resulting RSL message in a variable. It then uses an explicit call to the decoder function of the L3 message, and then uses regular conditional expressions for further matching on that inner L3 payload. This is more or less how you would write in C, python or any other quite imperative programming languages. It's very verbose, time consuming and un-abstract/elegant. TTCN-3 has many declarative aspects to it. Code like the above is a waste of your time :) b) would mean that you implement some test component that handles the RSL messages on its bottom side test port, and the L3 messages on its top side test port. That is a possible way, and if you need a lot of state/logic of RSL, it maeks sense. But what if you really simply want to have a match? Then it would be a lot of effort and a large detour. c) decmatch to the rescue! You can write RSL.receive(tr_RSL_DATA_REQ(g_chan_nr, ?, decmatch tr_RRM_RR_STATUS)) which means: * do a receive on the RSL test port, and match on an incoming RSL message that matches the tr_RSL_DATA_REQ template, with channel number specified, link_id any (?), *and* if the octetstring payload, if decoded, matches the template tr_RRM_RR_STATUS ! This is *extremely* powerful and expressive. It allows you to condense complex, parametric template matching over multiple proocol layers. It would in the end match RSL DATA REQUEST, only if they contained a [valid] encoded RR STATUS. See https://gerrit.osmocom.org/6229 for the actual test case I used for the above examples. Please also note that I never had to even write the function name of the decoder (dec_PDU_ML3_MS_NW), but TTCN-3 *automatically* figures out which decoder function it must call in order to decode from the binary octetstring. Happy (TTCN-3) hacking + Osmocom bugfixing, Harald -- - Harald Welte <laforge(a)gnumonks.org> http://laforge.gnumonks.org/ ============================================================================ "Privacy in residential applications is a desirable marketing option." (ETSI EN 300 175-7 Ch. A6)

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Wacky flip
by szun678＠gmail.com 26 Jan '26

26 Jan '26

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Moto X3m
by szun678＠gmail.com 26 Jan '26

26 Jan '26

The newest motorbike racing game is Moto X3m, and it has a lot of exciting things to do. This is a tough driving exam for folks who prefer to drive fast and off-road. You will have to focus on and conquer a lot of hard hurdles in Moto X3m in order to get over them. https://motox3m2.io

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Best Academic Editors in UK
by tommyharding693＠gmail.com 24 Jan '26

24 Jan '26

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Best Academic Editors in UK
by tommyharding693＠gmail.com 24 Jan '26

24 Jan '26

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Granny Horror Game Experience That Keeps Players Awake
by upper.unicorn.rkvm＠protectsmail.net 23 Jan '26

23 Jan '26

Introduction to the World of Granny Granny is a popular horror survival game that has captured the attention of players around the world with its tense atmosphere, simple mechanics, and deeply unsettling gameplay. Unlike action-heavy horror games, Granny relies on silence, observation, and strategic thinking. The player wakes up trapped inside a dark, old house and must escape within a limited number of days while avoiding the terrifying presence of Granny herself. https://grannyfree.io/ What makes Granny stand out is how it transforms ordinary household objects and spaces into sources of fear. Every creaking floorboard and distant sound becomes a potential threat, creating constant psychological pressure throughout the experience. Core Gameplay Mechanics Stealth and Sound Awareness Sound plays a critical role in Granny. Any noise created by dropping objects, stepping on creaky floors, or opening doors too quickly can alert Granny to the player’s location. This forces players to move slowly, plan their actions carefully, and remain constantly aware of their surroundings. The game teaches players that running blindly is rarely effective. Instead, patience and careful listening are key survival skills. Exploration and Puzzle Solving The house in Granny is filled with locked doors, hidden passages, and mysterious items. Players must explore multiple rooms, drawers, and secret areas to collect tools needed for escape. These tools often serve multiple purposes, encouraging experimentation and logical thinking. Every playthrough can feel different due to item placement and the variety of possible escape routes, adding strong replay value to the game. Limited Time Pressure Players are given only a certain number of in-game days to escape. Each mistake, such as being caught by Granny, costs valuable time. This time limit adds urgency and forces players to balance caution with progress. The Role of Granny as an Antagonist Unpredictable Movement Patterns Granny is not just a passive threat. She actively patrols the house, responds to sound cues, and can appear unexpectedly. Her movement patterns feel unpredictable, which keeps players constantly on edge. This unpredictability prevents players from feeling safe, even after repeated attempts. Psychological Fear Over Jump Scares Rather than relying heavily on jump scares, Granny focuses on sustained tension. The fear comes from anticipation, silence, and the knowledge that Granny could appear at any moment. This slow-burn horror approach makes the experience more immersive and memorable. The design proves that fear does not always require graphic visuals to be effective. Difficulty Levels and Customization Adjustable Challenge Settings Granny offers multiple difficulty levels that change enemy speed, number of locks, and overall challenge. This allows both beginners and experienced players to enjoy the game at their own pace. Higher difficulties require sharper reflexes, deeper house knowledge, and flawless stealth execution. Practice Mode for Learning Practice mode removes time pressure and allows players to explore the house freely. This mode is ideal for learning room layouts, understanding puzzle mechanics, and building confidence before attempting a full escape. It also helps reduce frustration for new players entering the horror genre. Level Design and Atmosphere A House Designed for Fear The house in Granny is carefully designed to feel claustrophobic and confusing. Narrow hallways, dark corners, and hidden crawl spaces contribute to a sense of isolation and vulnerability. Each room feels purposeful, reinforcing the horror theme while serving gameplay functions. Sound Design and Visual Style Muted colors, low lighting, and minimal background music create an eerie environment. Small audio cues, such as footsteps or door creaks, become crucial information rather than background noise. This minimalist approach enhances immersion and intensifies emotional reactions. Why Granny Became So Popular Accessibility and Simple Controls Granny is easy to pick up, even for players new to horror games. The controls are intuitive, and the objectives are clear, making it accessible on both PC and mobile platforms. This simplicity allows players to focus fully on tension and strategy. Strong Streaming and Community Presence The game gained massive popularity through gameplay videos and livestreams. Watching others react to close encounters with Granny adds entertainment value and encourages new players to try the game themselves. Community discussions, strategies, and challenge runs keep the game relevant long after its release. Strategies for Surviving in Granny Move Slowly and Plan Ahead Rushing often leads to mistakes. Observing Granny’s movements, memorizing safe paths, and planning item usage can significantly improve survival chances. Players who stay calm under pressure tend to perform better. Learn From Failure Failure is a core part of the Granny experience. Each attempt teaches players more about the house layout, item locations, and enemy behavior. Instead of frustration, the game encourages adaptation and learning through repetition. The Impact of Granny on Horror Gaming Granny demonstrates that effective horror does not require complex graphics or large-scale environments. By focusing on atmosphere, sound, and player vulnerability, the game delivers a memorable experience that resonates with a wide audience. It has influenced many similar indie horror games that prioritize tension, stealth, and psychological fear over action-heavy gameplay. Conclusion Granny remains a standout title in the horror survival genre due to its clever design, immersive atmosphere, and emphasis on strategic thinking. Its ability to create fear through simplicity and sound makes it a unique and enduring experience.

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