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[PATCH 0/1] gtp: fix use-after-free and null-ptr-deref in gtp_genl_dump_pdp()
by kovalev＠altlinux.org 15 Feb '24

15 Feb '24

Syzkaller hit 'general protection fault in gtp_genl_dump_pdp' bug. This bug is not a vulnerability and is reproduced only when running with root privileges. dmesg (5.10.200): gtp: GTP module loaded (pdp ctx size 104 bytes) gtp: GTP module unloaded general protection fault, probably for non-canonical address 0xdffffc0000000001: 0000 [#1] SMP KASAN NOPTI KASAN: null-ptr-deref in range [0x0000000000000008-0x000000000000000f] CPU: 0 PID: 2782 Comm: syz-executor139 Not tainted 5.10.200-std-def-alt1 #1 Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS 1.16.0-alt1 04/01/2014 RIP: 0010:gtp_genl_dump_pdp+0x1b1/0x790 [gtp] Code: c4 89 c6 e8 b1 07 15 e0 58 45 85 e4 0f 85 97 03 00 00 e8 72 0b 15 e0 48 8b 54 24 20 48 b8 00 00 00 00 00 fc ff df 48 c1 ea 03 <80> 3c 02 00 0f 85 ac 05 00 00 48 8b 44 24 20 48 8b 08 48 89 0c 24 RSP: 0018:ffff8881146c73f8 EFLAGS: 00010213 RAX: dffffc0000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffffa137fa66 RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: ffffffffa137f6be RDI: 0000000000000001 gtp: GTP module loaded (pdp ctx size 104 bytes) RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: ffffffff86c4dca7 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: 0000000000000001 R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff888133b04588 R15: 0000000000000000 FS: 00007f2ea15c5740(0000) GS:ffff888140200000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00007f2ea17686cf CR3: 000000010e56c000 CR4: 0000000000750ef0 PKRU: 55555554 Call Trace: genl_lock_dumpit+0x6b/0xa0 net/netlink/genetlink.c:623 netlink_dump+0x575/0xc70 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2271 __netlink_dump_start+0x64e/0x910 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2376 genl_family_rcv_msg_dumpit+0x2b8/0x310 net/netlink/genetlink.c:686 genl_family_rcv_msg net/netlink/genetlink.c:780 [inline] genl_rcv_msg+0x450/0x5a0 net/netlink/genetlink.c:800 netlink_rcv_skb+0x150/0x440 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2497 genl_rcv+0x29/0x40 net/netlink/genetlink.c:811 netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1322 [inline] netlink_unicast+0x54e/0x800 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1348 netlink_sendmsg+0x914/0xe00 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1916 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:651 [inline] __sock_sendmsg+0x159/0x190 net/socket.c:663 ____sys_sendmsg+0x712/0x870 net/socket.c:2376 ___sys_sendmsg+0xf8/0x170 net/socket.c:2430 __sys_sendmsg+0xea/0x1b0 net/socket.c:2459 do_syscall_64+0x33/0x40 arch/x86/entry/common.c:46 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x62/0xc7 RIP: 0033:0x7f2ea16c2d49 Code: 00 c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 8b 0d ef 70 0d 00 f7 d8 64 89 01 48 RSP: 002b:00007ffc93f6ed78 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 00000000000f4240 RCX: 00007f2ea16c2d49 RDX: 0000000020040840 RSI: 0000000020000940 RDI: 0000000000000003 RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 00007ffc93f6eb08 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 000000000000be43 R13: 00007ffc93f6ed8c R14: 00007ffc93f6eda0 R15: 00007ffc93f6ed90 Modules linked in: gtp udp_tunnel ide_cd_mod ide_gd_mod cdrom ata_generic pata_acpi ata_piix libata scsi_mod ide_pci_generic ppdev kvm_amd joydev ccp kvm irqbypass crct10dif_pclmul crc32_pclmul crc32c_intel ghash_clmulni_intel bochs_drm drm_vram_helper drm_ttm_helper ttm drm_kms_helper aesni_intel crypto_simd evdev cec input_leds psmouse af_packet i2c_piix4 rc_core cryptd glue_helper serio_raw piix pcspkr intel_agp intel_gtt ide_core tiny_power_button floppy parport_pc parport qemu_fw_cfg button sch_fq_codel fuse drm dm_mod binfmt_misc efi_pstore virtio_rng rng_core ip_tables x_tables autofs4 [last unloaded: gtp] ---[ end trace 3a80aa87ef53345b ]--- RIP: 0010:gtp_genl_dump_pdp+0x1b1/0x790 [gtp] Code: c4 89 c6 e8 b1 07 15 e0 58 45 85 e4 0f 85 97 03 00 00 e8 72 0b 15 e0 48 8b 54 24 20 48 b8 00 00 00 00 00 fc ff df 48 c1 ea 03 <80> 3c 02 00 0f 85 ac 05 00 00 48 8b 44 24 20 48 8b 08 48 89 0c 24 RSP: 0018:ffff8881146c73f8 EFLAGS: 00010213 RAX: dffffc0000000000 RBX: 0000000000000000 RCX: ffffffffa137fa66 RDX: 0000000000000001 RSI: ffffffffa137f6be RDI: 0000000000000001 RBP: 0000000000000000 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: ffffffff86c4dca7 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000001 R12: 0000000000000001 R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff888133b04588 R15: 0000000000000000 FS: 00007f2ea15c5740(0000) GS:ffff888140200000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 00007f2ea17686cf CR3: 000000010e56c000 CR4: 0000000000750ef0 PKRU: 55555554 note: syz-executor139[2782] exited with preempt_count 1 ---------------- Code disassembly (best guess), 1 bytes skipped: 0: 89 c6 mov %eax,%esi 2: e8 b1 07 15 e0 callq 0xe01507b8 7: 58 pop %rax 8: 45 85 e4 test %r12d,%r12d b: 0f 85 97 03 00 00 jne 0x3a8 11: e8 72 0b 15 e0 callq 0xe0150b88 16: 48 8b 54 24 20 mov 0x20(%rsp),%rdx 1b: 48 b8 00 00 00 00 00 fc ff df movabs $0xdffffc0000000000,%rax 25: 48 c1 ea 03 shr $0x3,%rdx * 29: 80 3c 02 00 cmpb $0x0,(%rdx,%rax,1) <-- trapping instruction 2d: 0f 85 ac 05 00 00 jne 0x5df 33: 48 8b 44 24 20 mov 0x20(%rsp),%rax 38: 48 8b 08 mov (%rax),%rcx 3b: 48 89 0c 24 mov %rcx,(%rsp) C reproducer: // autogenerated by syzkaller (https://github.com/google/syzkaller) #define _GNU_SOURCE #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <dirent.h> #include <endian.h> #include <errno.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <net/if.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <signal.h> #include <stdarg.h> #include <stdbool.h> #include <stdint.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/prctl.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/stat.h> #include <sys/syscall.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <sys/wait.h> #include <time.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <linux/genetlink.h> #include <linux/if_addr.h> #include <linux/if_link.h> #include <linux/in6.h> #include <linux/neighbour.h> #include <linux/net.h> #include <linux/netlink.h> #include <linux/rtnetlink.h> #include <linux/veth.h> static unsigned long long procid; static void sleep_ms(uint64_t ms) { usleep(ms * 1000); } static uint64_t current_time_ms(void) { struct timespec ts; if (clock_gettime(CLOCK_MONOTONIC, &ts)) exit(1); return (uint64_t)ts.tv_sec * 1000 + (uint64_t)ts.tv_nsec / 1000000; } static bool write_file(const char* file, const char* what, ...) { char buf[1024]; va_list args; va_start(args, what); vsnprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), what, args); va_end(args); buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = 0; int len = strlen(buf); int fd = open(file, O_WRONLY | O_CLOEXEC); if (fd == -1) return false; if (write(fd, buf, len) != len) { int err = errno; close(fd); errno = err; return false; } close(fd); return true; } struct nlmsg { char* pos; int nesting; struct nlattr* nested[8]; char buf[4096]; }; static void netlink_init(struct nlmsg* nlmsg, int typ, int flags, const void* data, int size) { memset(nlmsg, 0, sizeof(*nlmsg)); struct nlmsghdr* hdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)nlmsg->buf; hdr->nlmsg_type = typ; hdr->nlmsg_flags = NLM_F_REQUEST | NLM_F_ACK | flags; memcpy(hdr + 1, data, size); nlmsg->pos = (char*)(hdr + 1) + NLMSG_ALIGN(size); } static void netlink_attr(struct nlmsg* nlmsg, int typ, const void* data, int size) { struct nlattr* attr = (struct nlattr*)nlmsg->pos; attr->nla_len = sizeof(*attr) + size; attr->nla_type = typ; if (size > 0) memcpy(attr + 1, data, size); nlmsg->pos += NLMSG_ALIGN(attr->nla_len); } static int netlink_send_ext(struct nlmsg* nlmsg, int sock, uint16_t reply_type, int* reply_len, bool dofail) { if (nlmsg->pos > nlmsg->buf + sizeof(nlmsg->buf) || nlmsg->nesting) exit(1); struct nlmsghdr* hdr = (struct nlmsghdr*)nlmsg->buf; hdr->nlmsg_len = nlmsg->pos - nlmsg->buf; struct sockaddr_nl addr; memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr)); addr.nl_family = AF_NETLINK; ssize_t n = sendto(sock, nlmsg->buf, hdr->nlmsg_len, 0, (struct sockaddr*)&addr, sizeof(addr)); if (n != (ssize_t)hdr->nlmsg_len) { if (dofail) exit(1); return -1; } n = recv(sock, nlmsg->buf, sizeof(nlmsg->buf), 0); if (reply_len) *reply_len = 0; if (n < 0) { if (dofail) exit(1); return -1; } if (n < (ssize_t)sizeof(struct nlmsghdr)) { errno = EINVAL; if (dofail) exit(1); return -1; } if (hdr->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE) return 0; if (reply_len && hdr->nlmsg_type == reply_type) { *reply_len = n; return 0; } if (n < (ssize_t)(sizeof(struct nlmsghdr) + sizeof(struct nlmsgerr))) { errno = EINVAL; if (dofail) exit(1); return -1; } if (hdr->nlmsg_type != NLMSG_ERROR) { errno = EINVAL; if (dofail) exit(1); return -1; } errno = -((struct nlmsgerr*)(hdr + 1))->error; return -errno; } static int netlink_query_family_id(struct nlmsg* nlmsg, int sock, const char* family_name, bool dofail) { struct genlmsghdr genlhdr; memset(&genlhdr, 0, sizeof(genlhdr)); genlhdr.cmd = CTRL_CMD_GETFAMILY; netlink_init(nlmsg, GENL_ID_CTRL, 0, &genlhdr, sizeof(genlhdr)); netlink_attr(nlmsg, CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_NAME, family_name, strnlen(family_name, GENL_NAMSIZ - 1) + 1); int n = 0; int err = netlink_send_ext(nlmsg, sock, GENL_ID_CTRL, &n, dofail); if (err < 0) { return -1; } uint16_t id = 0; struct nlattr* attr = (struct nlattr*)(nlmsg->buf + NLMSG_HDRLEN + NLMSG_ALIGN(sizeof(genlhdr))); for (; (char*)attr < nlmsg->buf + n; attr = (struct nlattr*)((char*)attr + NLMSG_ALIGN(attr->nla_len))) { if (attr->nla_type == CTRL_ATTR_FAMILY_ID) { id = *(uint16_t*)(attr + 1); break; } } if (!id) { errno = EINVAL; return -1; } recv(sock, nlmsg->buf, sizeof(nlmsg->buf), 0); return id; } static long syz_genetlink_get_family_id(volatile long name, volatile long sock_arg) { int fd = sock_arg; if (fd < 0) { fd = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_GENERIC); if (fd == -1) { return -1; } } struct nlmsg nlmsg_tmp; int ret = netlink_query_family_id(&nlmsg_tmp, fd, (char*)name, false); if ((int)sock_arg < 0) close(fd); if (ret < 0) { return -1; } return ret; } static void kill_and_wait(int pid, int* status) { kill(-pid, SIGKILL); kill(pid, SIGKILL); for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) { if (waitpid(-1, status, WNOHANG | __WALL) == pid) return; usleep(1000); } DIR* dir = opendir("/sys/fs/fuse/connections"); if (dir) { for (;;) { struct dirent* ent = readdir(dir); if (!ent) break; if (strcmp(ent->d_name, ".") == 0 || strcmp(ent->d_name, "..") == 0) continue; char abort[300]; snprintf(abort, sizeof(abort), "/sys/fs/fuse/connections/%s/abort", ent->d_name); int fd = open(abort, O_WRONLY); if (fd == -1) { continue; } if (write(fd, abort, 1) < 0) { } close(fd); } closedir(dir); } else { } while (waitpid(-1, status, __WALL) != pid) { } } static void setup_test() { prctl(PR_SET_PDEATHSIG, SIGKILL, 0, 0, 0); setpgrp(); write_file("/proc/self/oom_score_adj", "1000"); } static void execute_one(void); #define WAIT_FLAGS __WALL static void loop(void) { int iter = 0; for (;; iter++) { int pid = fork(); if (pid < 0) exit(1); if (pid == 0) { setup_test(); execute_one(); exit(0); } int status = 0; uint64_t start = current_time_ms(); for (;;) { if (waitpid(-1, &status, WNOHANG | WAIT_FLAGS) == pid) break; sleep_ms(1); if (current_time_ms() - start < 5000) continue; kill_and_wait(pid, &status); break; } } } uint64_t r[2] = {0xffffffffffffffff, 0xffffffffffffffff}; void execute_one(void) { intptr_t res = 0; memcpy((void*)0x20000140, "gtp\000", 4); syscall(__NR_delete_module, 0x20000140ul, 0x5000000ul); res = syscall(__NR_socket, 0x10ul, 3ul, 0x10); if (res != -1) r[0] = res; memcpy((void*)0x20000100, "gtp\000", 4); res = -1; res = syz_genetlink_get_family_id(0x20000100, -1); if (res != -1) r[1] = res; *(uint64_t*)0x20000940 = 0; *(uint32_t*)0x20000948 = 0; *(uint64_t*)0x20000950 = 0x20000900; *(uint64_t*)0x20000900 = 0x20000140; memcpy((void*)0x20000140, "$\000\000\000", 4); *(uint16_t*)0x20000144 = r[1]; memcpy((void*)0x20000146, "\x13\x03\xfc\xff\xff\xff\xfe\xdb\xdf\x25\x02\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x02\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x01\x00", 26); *(uint32_t*)0x20000160 = 0; *(uint64_t*)0x20000164 = r[1]; *(uint32_t*)0x2000016c = -1; *(uint64_t*)0x20000170 = -1; sprintf((char*)0x20000178, "0x%016llx", (long long)-1); *(uint64_t*)0x20000908 = 0x24; *(uint64_t*)0x20000958 = 1; *(uint64_t*)0x20000960 = 0; *(uint64_t*)0x20000968 = 0; *(uint32_t*)0x20000970 = 0; syscall(__NR_sendmsg, r[0], 0x20000940ul, 0x20040840ul); } int main(void) { syscall(__NR_mmap, 0x1ffff000ul, 0x1000ul, 0ul, 0x32ul, -1, 0ul); syscall(__NR_mmap, 0x20000000ul, 0x1000000ul, 7ul, 0x32ul, -1, 0ul); syscall(__NR_mmap, 0x21000000ul, 0x1000ul, 0ul, 0x32ul, -1, 0ul); for (procid = 0; procid < 6; procid++) { if (fork() == 0) { loop(); } } sleep(1000000); return 0; } The bug is also reproduced on the latest stable kernels with the KASAN sanitizer disabled: dmesg (6.6.13): [ 523.894617] gtp: GTP module loaded (pdp ctx size 104 bytes) [ 523.908033] gtp: GTP module unloaded [ 523.914798] BUG: kernel NULL pointer dereference, address: 0000000000000012 [ 523.915255] #PF: supervisor read access in kernel mode [ 523.915255] #PF: error_code(0x0000) - not-present page [ 523.915255] PGD 2a0b9067 P4D 2a0b9067 PUD 6ccc067 PMD 0 [ 523.915255] Oops: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP NOPTI [ 523.915255] CPU: 1 PID: 9263 Comm: repro7 Not tainted 6.6.13-un-def-alt1 #1 [ 523.915255] Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (Q35 + ICH9, 2009), BIOS 1.16.0-alt1 04/01/2014 [ 523.915255] RIP: 0010:gtp_genl_dump_pdp+0x82/0x190 [gtp] [ 523.915255] Code: 70 00 74 21 48 83 c4 18 5b 5d 41 5c 41 5d 41 5e 41 5f 31 d2 31 c9 31 f6 31 ff 45 31 c0 45 31 c9 c3 cc cc cc cc e8 0e 0b 57 c0 <4c> 8b 23 49 39 dc 74 22 44 89 6c 24 04 44 8b 6c 24 08 4d 85 ff 74 [ 523.915255] RSP: 0018:ffffc900017338a8 EFLAGS: 00010246 [ 523.915255] RAX: 0000000000000000 RBX: 0000000000000012 RCX: 0000000000000000 [ 523.915255] RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: ffff88800713bb60 RDI: 0000000000000000 [ 523.915255] RBP: ffff88800632b200 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000 [ 523.915255] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000000 R12: 0000000000000000 [ 523.915255] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: ffff88800713bb60 R15: 0000000000000000 [ 523.915255] FS: 00007f2bcb83f740(0000) GS:ffff88807dc80000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 [ 523.915255] CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 [ 523.915255] CR2: 0000000000000012 CR3: 0000000052420000 CR4: 0000000000750ee0 [ 523.915255] PKRU: 55555554 [ 523.915255] Call Trace: [ 523.915255] <TASK> [ 523.915255] ? __die+0x1f/0x70 [ 523.915255] ? page_fault_oops+0x14d/0x4a0 [ 523.915255] ? exc_page_fault+0x7b/0x180 [ 523.915255] ? asm_exc_page_fault+0x22/0x30 [ 523.915255] ? gtp_genl_dump_pdp+0x82/0x190 [gtp] [ 523.915255] ? gtp_genl_dump_pdp+0x82/0x190 [gtp] [ 523.915255] genl_dumpit+0x2f/0x90 [ 523.915255] netlink_dump+0x126/0x320 [ 523.915255] __netlink_dump_start+0x1da/0x2a0 [ 523.915255] genl_family_rcv_msg_dumpit+0x93/0x100 [ 523.915255] ? __pfx_genl_start+0x10/0x10 [ 523.915255] ? __pfx_genl_dumpit+0x10/0x10 [ 523.915255] ? __pfx_genl_done+0x10/0x10 [ 523.915255] genl_rcv_msg+0x112/0x2a0 [ 523.915255] ? __pfx_gtp_genl_dump_pdp+0x10/0x10 [gtp] [ 523.915255] ? __pfx_genl_rcv_msg+0x10/0x10 [ 523.915255] netlink_rcv_skb+0x54/0x110 [ 523.915255] genl_rcv+0x24/0x40 [ 523.915255] netlink_unicast+0x19f/0x290 [ 523.915255] netlink_sendmsg+0x250/0x4e0 [ 523.915255] ____sys_sendmsg+0x376/0x3b0 [ 523.915255] ? copy_msghdr_from_user+0x6d/0xb0 [ 523.915255] ___sys_sendmsg+0x86/0xe0 [ 523.915255] ? do_fault+0x296/0x470 [ 523.915255] ? __handle_mm_fault+0x771/0xda0 [ 523.915255] __sys_sendmsg+0x57/0xb0 [ 523.915255] do_syscall_64+0x59/0x90 [ 523.915255] ? ct_kernel_exit.isra.0+0x71/0x90 [ 523.915255] ? __ct_user_enter+0x5a/0xd0 [ 523.915255] entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x6e/0xd8 [ 523.915255] RIP: 0033:0x7f2bcb93cd49 [ 523.915255] Code: 00 c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 0f 1f 44 00 00 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 73 01 c3 48 8b 0d ef 70 0d 00 f7 d8 64 89 01 48 [ 523.915255] RSP: 002b:00007ffe5d907708 EFLAGS: 00000202 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e [ 523.915255] RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000562f4a49f0a0 RCX: 00007f2bcb93cd49 [ 523.915255] RDX: 0000000020040840 RSI: 0000000020000940 RDI: 0000000000000003 [ 523.915255] RBP: 00007ffe5d907720 R08: 00007ffe5d907498 R09: 00007ffe5d907720 [ 523.915255] R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000202 R12: 0000562f4a49e210 [ 523.915255] R13: 0000000000000000 R14: 0000000000000000 R15: 0000000000000000 [ 523.915255] </TASK> [PATCH 1/1] gtp: fix use-after-free and null-ptr-deref in gtp_genl_dump_pdp()

3 11

Binary packages: changes in supported distributions
by Oliver Smith 05 Dec '23

05 Dec '23

Hello various Osmocom mailing lists, the official Osmocom binary packages will not be built anymore for the following distributions starting at 2024-02: * Raspberry Pi OS 64-bit (use Debian_12 etc. instead) * Ubuntu 23.04 (Ubuntu 23.10 and LTS 20.04/22.04 feeds are available) * openSUSE 15.4 (openSUSE Tumbleweed feed is available) * Debian Testing (Debian Unstable and 12-10 feeds are available) For Raspberry Pi OS 64-bit users, make sure to adjust your /etc/apt/sources.list.d as described here to switch to a Debian aarch64 feed: https://osmocom.org/projects/cellular-infrastructure/wiki/Latest_Builds See the new linux distributions article for information on how long we plan to keep building packages for each distribution: https://osmocom.org/projects/cellular-infrastructure/wiki/Linux_distributio… Let me know if you have questions. Best regards, Oliver -- - Oliver Smith <osmith(a)sysmocom.de> https://www.sysmocom.de/ ======================================================================= * sysmocom - systems for mobile communications GmbH * Alt-Moabit 93 * 10559 Berlin, Germany * Sitz / Registered office: Berlin, HRB 134158 B * Geschaeftsfuehrer / Managing Director: Harald Welte

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by markanderson8093＠gmail.com 25 Oct '23

25 Oct '23

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Professional Dissertation Writing Help
by markanderson8093＠gmail.com 25 Oct '23

25 Oct '23

[url=https://onlineclassassignment.com/nurs-fpx-4020-assessment-1-improving-… FPX 4020 Assessment 1[/url]In the dynamic landscape of healthcare, nursing leadership plays a pivotal role in shaping the delivery of quality patient care. NURS FPX 4020 Assessment 1 is a crucial component of the nursing curriculum, focusing on cultivating leadership skills that are essential for addressing complex challenges within healthcare systems. This article delves into the significance of Assessment 1 and its connection to NHS-FPX 5004 Assessment 1. NURS FPX 4020 Assessment 1 is a cornerstone in the journey of aspiring nurse leaders. This assessment is meticulously designed to provide nursing students with a comprehensive understanding of leadership theories, strategies, and practical applications that empower them to drive positive changes within healthcare organizations. Leadership Theories and Models: Assessment 1 delves into various leadership theories, offering students insights into transformational, situational, and servant leadership, among others. This exposure enables students to identify leadership styles that align with their values and the unique demands of healthcare settings. Strategic Decision-Making: Nursing leaders are often required to make strategic decisions that impact patient care, resource allocation, and organizational outcomes. Assessment 1 equips students with the skills to analyze complex situations, evaluate options, and make informed decisions that uphold patient-centered care. Communication and Team Building: Effective leadership hinges on clear communication and fostering collaborative teams. Assessment 1 guides students in honing communication skills, conflict resolution techniques, and strategies for building cohesive and high-performing healthcare teams. Change Management: In the ever-evolving healthcare landscape, adaptability and change management are critical. Assessment 1 prepares students to lead and manage change initiatives, ensuring smooth transitions that enhance patient care quality. NURS FPX 4020 Assessment 1 yields transformative outcomes for nursing students: Leadership Competence: By mastering leadership theories and practical skills, students develop the competence to lead with confidence, promoting a positive influence on their teams and patient outcomes. Strategic Vision: Assessment 1 instills a strategic mindset, enabling nursing leaders to envision and implement improvements that align with organizational goals while prioritizing patient welfare. Collaborative Excellence: Effective communication and team-building skills fostered by Assessment 1 enhance collaboration among healthcare professionals, leading to enhanced care coordination and patient safety. Change Catalysts: Nursing professionals who excel in Assessment 1 become adept at navigating change, fostering an environment where innovation and continuous improvement thrive. NHS-FPX 5004 Assessment 1 is an extension of the leadership foundation laid by NURS FPX 4020 Assessment 1. While the latter focuses on nursing leadership within broader healthcare contexts, NHS-FPX 5004 Assessment 1 specifically addresses leadership and management within the NHS, offering insights into the unique challenges and opportunities within the UK healthcare system. NURS FPX 4020 Assessment 1 serves as a beacon guiding nursing students towards impactful leadership roles within the healthcare sector. By imparting leadership theories, strategic acumen, and effective communication strategies, Assessment 1 transforms students into dynamic nursing leaders capable of navigating complex healthcare environments. As they progress to [url=https://onlineclassassignment.com/nurs-fpx-5004-assessment-1-leadership… 5004 Assessment 1[/url], students are poised to apply their leadership prowess within the context of the NHS, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of patient care, healthcare systems, and the nursing profession as a whole.

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[PATCH net 0/2] GTP tunnel driver fixes
by Pablo Neira Ayuso 24 Oct '23

24 Oct '23

Hi, The following patchset contains two fixes for the GTP tunnel driver: 1) Incorrect GTPA_MAX definition in UAPI headers. This is updating an existing UAPI definition but for a good reason, this is certainly broken. Similar fixes for incorrect _MAX definition in netlink headers were applied in the past too. 2) Fix GTP driver PMTU with GRO packets, add missing call to skb_gso_validate_network_len() to handle GRO packets. Please apply, Thanks. Pablo Neira Ayuso (2): gtp: uapi: fix GTPA_MAX gtp: fix fragmentation needed check with gso drivers/net/gtp.c | 5 +++-- include/uapi/linux/gtp.h | 2 +- 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) -- 2.30.2

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Re: [PATCH net-next v2] ethtool: ice: Support for RSS settings to GTP from ethtool
by Jakub Kicinski 18 Oct '23

18 Oct '23

Thanks for the v2! Adding Willem, Pablo, and Harald to CC (please CC them on future versions). On Thu, 12 Oct 2023 06:01:15 +0000 Takeru Hayasaka wrote: > diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/ethtool.h b/include/uapi/linux/ethtool.h > index f7fba0dc87e5..a2d4f2081cf3 100644 > --- a/include/uapi/linux/ethtool.h > +++ b/include/uapi/linux/ethtool.h > @@ -2011,6 +2011,18 @@ static inline int ethtool_validate_duplex(__u8 duplex) > #define IPV4_FLOW 0x10 /* hash only */ > #define IPV6_FLOW 0x11 /* hash only */ > #define ETHER_FLOW 0x12 /* spec only (ether_spec) */ > +#define GTPU_V4_FLOW 0x13 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPU_V6_FLOW 0x14 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPC_V4_FLOW 0x15 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPC_V6_FLOW 0x16 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPC_TEID_V4_FLOW 0x17 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPC_TEID_V6_FLOW 0x18 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPU_EH_V4_FLOW 0x19 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPU_EH_V6_FLOW 0x20 /* hash only */ nit: please note that these are hex numbers, next value after 0x19 is 0x1a, not 0x20. > +#define GTPU_UL_V4_FLOW 0x21 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPU_UL_V6_FLOW 0x22 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPU_DL_V4_FLOW 0x23 /* hash only */ > +#define GTPU_DL_V6_FLOW 0x24 /* hash only */ > /* Flag to enable additional fields in struct ethtool_rx_flow_spec */ > #define FLOW_EXT 0x80000000 > #define FLOW_MAC_EXT 0x40000000 What gives me pause here is the number of flow sub-types we define for GTP hashing. My understanding of GTP is limited to what I just read on Wikipedia. IIUC the GTPC vs GTPU distinction comes down to the UDP port on which the protocol runs? Are the frames also different? I'm guessing UL/DL are uplink/downlink but what's EH? How do GTPU_V4_FLOW, GTPU_EH_V4_FLOW, GTPU_UL_V4_FLOW, and GTPU_DL_V4_FLOW differ? Key question is - are there reasonable use cases that you can think of for enabling GTP hashing for each one of those bits individually or can we combine some of them? > @@ -2025,6 +2037,7 @@ static inline int ethtool_validate_duplex(__u8 duplex) > #define RXH_IP_DST (1 << 5) > #define RXH_L4_B_0_1 (1 << 6) /* src port in case of TCP/UDP/SCTP */ > #define RXH_L4_B_2_3 (1 << 7) /* dst port in case of TCP/UDP/SCTP */ > +#define RXH_GTP_TEID (1 << 8) /* teid in case of GTP */ > #define RXH_DISCARD (1 << 31)

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September 2023 Osmocom CNI releases (202302)
by Pau Espin Pedrol 14 Sep '23

14 Sep '23

Hi all, I am happy to announce that a new version 202309 of the Osmocom CNI (Cellular Network Infrastructure) software has been released this week. For further information, please visit: https://osmocom.org/news/220 Regards, Pau -- - Pau Espin Pedrol <pespin(a)sysmocom.de> http://www.sysmocom.de/ ======================================================================= * sysmocom - systems for mobile communications GmbH * Alt-Moabit 93 * 10559 Berlin, Germany * Sitz / Registered office: Berlin, HRB 134158 B * Geschaeftsfuehrer / Managing Director: Harald Welte

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Osmocom discourse as alternative to mailing lists
by Harald Welte 27 Jul '23

27 Jul '23

Dear Osmocom community, while many people with a long history in FOSS development have no issues at all with mailing lists as primary form of engaging with their community, they have undoubtedly fallen out of fashion in favor of various chat/messaging systems or web based forums. In Osmocom, we've just launched an installation of the discourse forum software available at https://discourse.osmocom.org/ providing an alternative to our traditional mailing lists at https://lists.osmocom.org/ We're looking forward to see whether this web-based approach will facilitate more and/or other people to engage with the Osmocom developer/contributor community. Feel free to join and get the discussions started. If there's a need for more categories or sub-categories, just let one of the moderators know and we can help with that. The old mailing lists will continue to remain available for those who prefer them. -- - Harald Welte <laforge(a)osmocom.org> https://laforge.gnumonks.org/ ============================================================================ "Privacy in residential applications is a desirable marketing option." (ETSI EN 300 175-7 Ch. A6)

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[PATCH net-next 0/3] net: Remove more RTO_ONLINK users.
by Guillaume Nault 19 Jul '23

19 Jul '23

Code that initialise a flowi4 structure manually before doing a fib lookup can easily avoid overloading ->flowi4_tos with the RTO_ONLINK bit. They can just set ->flowi4_scope correctly instead. Properly separating the routing scope from ->flowi4_tos will allow to eventually convert this field to dscp_t (to ensure proper separation between DSCP and ECN). Guillaume Nault (3): gtp: Set TOS and routing scope independently for fib lookups. dccp: Set TOS and routing scope independently for fib lookups. sctp: Set TOS and routing scope independently for fib lookups. drivers/net/gtp.c | 3 ++- net/dccp/ipv4.c | 3 ++- net/sctp/protocol.c | 3 ++- 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) -- 2.39.2

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Deprecating support for big endian in Osmocom
by Harald Welte 17 Jul '23

17 Jul '23

Hi all, during recent patch review (https://gerrit.osmocom.org/c/osmo-trx/+/33737) the topic of continuing to maintain support for big endian machines has come up. While traditionally I've always been a strong proponent of writing portable code that can run also on big endian systems, it is not the year 2003 or 2008 anymore, and PowerPC (the main big endian platform) is dead by now, as is SPARC. Not just in newly-built processors, but also in existing and still operating machines, at least of the class that would run our code. So unless somebody objects with strong arguments, I'd propose to officially and explicitly drop supporting big endian systems from osmocom CNI projects. From what I can tell, this would primarily mean * drop the struct_endianness check from the commit verification * removing all our struct_endianness-generated or other code that explicitly adds big endian support * adding some kind of #warning or even #error to a common libosmocore header file if anyone tries to build on big endian This obviously doesn't mean we can abandon using [osmo_]{htonl,ntohl}, as network byte order is still network byte order. Regards, Harald -- - Harald Welte <laforge(a)gnumonks.org> https://laforge.gnumonks.org/ ============================================================================ "Privacy in residential applications is a desirable marketing option." (ETSI EN 300 175-7 Ch. A6)

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