Change in osmo-gsm-manuals[master]: Add new common chapter about QoS, IP DSCP and IEEE 802.1q PCP

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laforge gerrit-no-reply at lists.osmocom.org
Wed Apr 28 10:16:32 UTC 2021


laforge has submitted this change. ( https://gerrit.osmocom.org/c/osmo-gsm-manuals/+/23926 )

Change subject: Add new common chapter about QoS, IP DSCP and IEEE 802.1q PCP
......................................................................

Add new common chapter about QoS, IP DSCP and IEEE 802.1q PCP

Related: SYS#5427
Change-Id: Id344c29eda2a9b3e36376302b425e9db1f6c0f28
---
M common/chapters/bibliography.adoc
M common/chapters/glossary.adoc
A common/chapters/qos-dscp-pcp.adoc
M tests/Makefile.am
A tests/chapters/qos-example.adoc
5 files changed, 179 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

Approvals:
  Jenkins Builder: Verified
  laforge: Looks good to me, approved



diff --git a/common/chapters/bibliography.adoc b/common/chapters/bibliography.adoc
index 11152c5..06b1fb4 100644
--- a/common/chapters/bibliography.adoc
+++ b/common/chapters/bibliography.adoc
@@ -166,6 +166,9 @@
   system for telecommunication application providers
   https://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_ts/101200_101299/101220/12.00.00_60/ts_101220v120000p.pdf
 
+- [[[ieee-802.1q]]] IEEE 802.1Q: Bridges and Bridged Networks
+  https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6991462
+
 - [[[ietf-rfc768]]] IETF RFC 768: User Datagram Protocol
   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc768
 - [[[ietf-rfc791]]] IETF RFC 791: Internet Protocol
@@ -178,6 +181,9 @@
   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1350
 - [[[ietf-rfc2131]]] IETF RFC 2131: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2131
+- [[[ietf-rfc2474]]] IETF RFC 2474: Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv44
+  and IPv6 Headers
+  https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2474
 - [[[ietf-rfc2719]]] IETF RFC 2719: Signal Transport over IP
   https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2719
 - [[[ietf-rfc3331]]] IETF RFC 3331: Message Transfer Part 2 User Adaptation Layer
diff --git a/common/chapters/glossary.adoc b/common/chapters/glossary.adoc
index 23c7273..20794a1 100644
--- a/common/chapters/glossary.adoc
+++ b/common/chapters/glossary.adoc
@@ -81,6 +81,8 @@
 downlink::
   Direction of messages / signals from the network core towards the
   mobile phone
+DSCP::
+  Diffrentiated Services Code Point (_IETF RFC 2474_ <<ietf-rfc2474>>
 DSP::
   Digital Signal Processor
 dvnixload::
@@ -264,6 +266,8 @@
   Point Code; an address in MTP
 PCH::
   Paging Channel on downlink Um interface; used by network to page an MS
+PCP::
+  Priority Code Point (_IEEE 802.1Q_ <<ieee-802.11>>)
 PCU::
   Packet Control Unit; used to manage Layer 2 of the GPRS radio interface
 PDCH::
@@ -354,6 +358,8 @@
   Transmission Control Protocol; (_IETF RFC 793_ <<ietf-rfc793>>)
 TFTP::
   Trivial File Transfer Protocol; (_IETF RFC 1350_ <<ietf-rfc1350>>)
+TOS::
+  Type Of Service; bit-field in IPv4 header, now re-used as DSCP (_IETF RFC 791_ <<ietf-rfc791)
 TRX::
   Transceiver; element of a BTS serving a single carrier
 TS::
@@ -388,6 +394,8 @@
   Voltage Controlled, Temperature Compensated Crystal Oscillator;  a
   precision oscillator, superior to a classic crystal oscillator, but
   inferior to an OCXO
+VLAN::
+  Virtual LAN in the context of Ethernet (_IEEE 802.1Q_ <<ieee-802.1q>>)
 VLR::
   Visitor Location Register; volatile storage of attached subscribers in
   the MSC
diff --git a/common/chapters/qos-dscp-pcp.adoc b/common/chapters/qos-dscp-pcp.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f97941
--- /dev/null
+++ b/common/chapters/qos-dscp-pcp.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+[[qos-dscp-pcp]]
+== QoS, DSCP/TOS, Priority and IEEE 802.1q PCP
+
+In many use cases operators want to apply different QoS classes for user plane
+vs. control plane traffic.  IP Routers, Ethernet switches and other network gear
+can then perform intelligent queue management as required for the respective service.
+
+For example, voice user plane frames need a rather stable and short latency,
+while IP user plane and control plane traffic has less critical latency requirements.
+
+=== IP Level (DSCP)
+
+At IP level, different priorities / classes of traffic are expressed
+in accordance to <<ietf-rfc2474>> by the DSCP (Differentiated Services Code
+Point) field of the IP header.  DSCP resembles the upper 6 bits of the
+field formerly known as the TOS bits as per <<ietf-rfc791>>.
+
+On Linux and other operating systems with BSD-style sockets API, the
+applications can request a specific DSCP value to be used for packets
+generated by those sockets.
+
+Osmocom CNI software such as osmo-bts and osmo-mgw support setting the
+DSCP value via VTY commands, see e.g. the `rtp ip-dscp` setting of the
+`bts` node in osmo-bts.
+
+
+=== Packet Priority
+
+In the Linux network stack, every packet is represented by `struct
+sk_buff`, which has an associated _priority_.  Furthermore, every socket
+through which applications send data have an associated _socket
+priority_.  Each time a packet is transmitted through a given socket,
+the packet inherits the packet priority from the socket priority.
+
+Furthermore, there is a mapping table that maps DSCP/TOS bits to
+priority.  The sixteen different TOS bit values are mapped to priority
+values as follows:
+
+.Linux kernel default DSCP/TOS -> priority mapping
+[options="header",width="50%"]
+|===
+|TOS (binary)|DSCP (binary)|Priority (decimal)
+|xxx0000x|xxx000|0
+|xxx0001x|xxx000|0
+|xxx0010x|xxx001|0
+|xxx0011x|xxx001|0
+|xxx0100x|xxx010|2
+|xxx0101x|xxx010|2
+|xxx0110x|xxx011|2
+|xxx0111x|xxx011|2
+|xxx1000x|xxx100|6
+|xxx1001x|xxx100|6
+|xxx1010x|xxx101|6
+|xxx1011x|xxx101|6
+|xxx1100x|xxx110|4
+|xxx1101x|xxx110|4
+|xxx1110x|xxx111|4
+|xxx1111x|xxx111|4
+|===
+
+This table of default DSCP/TOS -> priority bit mappings cannot be
+modified.
+
+However, the per-packet _priority_ values can be set by various means
+of network policy, including
+
+* by packet filter rules (iptables, ip6tables, nftables)
+** if you use `iptables`, using `CLASSIFY --set-class` in the `mangle` table
+** if you use `nftables`, using `meta priority set` in the `mangle` table
+* by the application using the SO_PRIORITY socket option (currently not yet supported by Osmocom CNI)
+
+
+=== Ethernet Level (PCP)
+
+At Ethernet level, different priorities / QoS classes are expressed by
+the so-called PCP (Priority Code Point) field in the IEEE 802.1q (VLAN)
+header.
+
+NOTE:: This means that PCP functionality requires the use of IEEE 802.q
+VLAN. You cannot use PCP without VLAN
+
+The Linux kernel assigns IEEE 802.1q PCP bits based on a _mapping_
+between the _priority_ and the PCP value.  Each VLAN network device
+maintains a separate map for both egress (transmit) and ingress
+(receive) path.
+
+The current priority mappings can be inspected via the `/proc`
+filesystem.  For example, if you have a VLAN device `eth0.9` for
+VLAN ID 9 on the net-device `eth0`, you can use the following example:
+
+.Example: Inspecting the current egress QoS map
+----
+$ sudo cat /proc/net/vlan/eth0.9<1>
+eth0.9  VID: 9   REORDER_HDR: 1  dev->priv_flags: 1021
+         total frames received       123340
+          total bytes received     40668066
+      Broadcast/Multicast Rcvd         1106
+
+      total frames transmitted        10499
+       total bytes transmitted      1570809
+Device: eth0
+INGRESS priority mappings: 0:0  1:0  2:0  3:0  4:0  5:0  6:0 7:0 <2>
+ EGRESS priority mappings: <3>
+----
+<1> make sure to specify your specific VLAN interface name here instead of `eth0.9`
+<2> ingress priority mappings (all PCP values mapped to priority 0)
+<3> egress priority mappings (empty)
+
+As we can see in the above example, there are no egress priority
+mappings yet.  Let's create three new mappings, mapping _priority_
+value 1 to PCP 1, _priority_ 2 to PCP 2, and _priority_ 3 to PCP 3:
+
+.Example: Creating three new egress QoS mappings
+----
+$ sudo ip link set dev eth0.9<1> type vlan egress-qos-map 1:1 2:2 3:3 <2>
+$ sudo cat /proc/net/vlan/eth0.9 <3>
+eth0.9  VID: 9   REORDER_HDR: 1  dev->priv_flags: 1021
+         total frames received       123898
+          total bytes received     40843611
+      Broadcast/Multicast Rcvd         1106
+
+      total frames transmitted        10517
+       total bytes transmitted      1574357
+Device: eth0
+INGRESS priority mappings: 0:0  1:0  2:0  3:0  4:0  5:0  6:0 7:0
+ EGRESS priority mappings: 1:1 2:2 3:3 <4>
+----
+<1> make sure to specify your specific VLAN interface name here instead of `eth0.9`
+<2> command to define three new egress QoS maps
+<3> command to re-display the current status
+<4> three new egress mappings are shown as given in `ip` command
+
+NOTE:: The settings of the `ip` command are volatile and only active until
+the next reboot (or the network device or VLAN is removed).  Please refer to
+the documentation of your specific Linux distribution in order to find out how
+to make such settings persistent by means of an `ifup` hook whenever the interface
+comes up.  For CentOS/RHEL 8 this can e.g. be achieved by means of an `/sbin/ifup-local
+script` (when using `network-scripts` and not NetworkManager).  For Debian or Ubuntu,
+this typically involves adding `up` lines to `/etc/network/interfaces` or a `/etc/network/if-up.d`
+script.
+
+
+=== Putting things together
+
+Assuming one needs to set both the DSCP bits as well as the PCP for
+certain traffic, the above-mentioned mechanisms need to be combined as
+follows:
+
+. configure the osmocom program to set the DSCP value
+. use the default DSCP -> priority mapping, if possible
+. configure an egrees QoS map to map from priority to PCP
+
+If the desired combination of DSCP + PCP cannot be achieved that way,
+due to the rather static default kernel mapping table, one needs to go
+one step further:
+
+. configure the osmocom program to set the DSCP value
+. use packet filter rules to set the priority based on DSCP
+. configure an egrees QoS map to map from priority to PCP
+
+include::{srcdir}/chapters/qos-example.adoc[]
diff --git a/tests/Makefile.am b/tests/Makefile.am
index 1be6308..784f61f 100644
--- a/tests/Makefile.am
+++ b/tests/Makefile.am
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 	vty \
 	test2-vty-reference.xml \
 	vty-test2 \
+	chapters \
 	$(NULL)
 
 # Do not install any of the test pdfs
diff --git a/tests/chapters/qos-example.adoc b/tests/chapters/qos-example.adoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d398243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/chapters/qos-example.adoc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+=== QoS example for example manual
+
+Quite exemplary.

-- 
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Gerrit-Project: osmo-gsm-manuals
Gerrit-Branch: master
Gerrit-Change-Id: Id344c29eda2a9b3e36376302b425e9db1f6c0f28
Gerrit-Change-Number: 23926
Gerrit-PatchSet: 6
Gerrit-Owner: laforge <laforge at osmocom.org>
Gerrit-Reviewer: Jenkins Builder
Gerrit-Reviewer: laforge <laforge at osmocom.org>
Gerrit-MessageType: merged
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